What is an experiment defined as in behavioral research?

In behavioral research, an experiment is defined as a controlled comparison of a dependent variable under varied conditions. This definition emphasizes the importance of manipulation and control within an experimental design, allowing researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships. By systematically changing one or more independent variables while measuring the resulting effect on a dependent variable, researchers can isolate the impact of specific factors on behavior.

This type of controlled comparison ensures that the findings are not due to extraneous variables or biases, and it provides a clear framework for assessing how behavioral outcomes are influenced by different conditions. This level of control distinguishes experiments from other research methods, such as surveys or observational studies, where the researcher does not manipulate variables directly.

In contrast, the other choices do not capture the essence of an experiment in behavioral research. For instance, comparing unrelated phenomena lacks the necessary control and direct manipulation inherent to experimental design. Surveys focus on collecting opinions without establishing causal relationships, while mere observation of spontaneous behavior does not involve intentional manipulation of variables to assess their effects systematically. Thus, the definition of an experiment as a controlled comparison of a dependent variable under varied conditions is foundational for conducting rigorous behavioral research.